Los colirios antibióticos acortan la duración de las conjuntivitis infecciosas en niños / Antibiotic eye drops shorten the duration of infectious conjunctivitis in children

Conclusiones de los autores del estudio: el tratamiento de la conjuntivitis infecciosa aguda en niños con antibióticos tópicos se asoció con una duración significativamente menor de la sintomatología conjuntival. Comentario de los revisores: el uso de antibiótico tópico, aunque de forma modesta, beneficia al paciente, acortando la curación clínica en las conjuntivitis agudas. No obstante, dado el curso autolimitado de esta patología y la falta de estudios de coste-efectividad en este ámbito, no parece justificada su indicación generalizada desde Atención Primaria. Se necesitarían realizar dichos estudios para evaluar el impacto global en la sociedad del tratamiento en estos pacientes. (AU)

Authors´ conclusions: topical antibiotics were associated with significantly shorter durations of conjunctival symptoms in children with acute infective conjunctivitis. Reviewers´ commentary: the use of topical antibiotics modestly benefits the patient, shortening the clinical cure in acute conjunctivitis. However, given the self-limited course of this pathology and the lack of cost-effectiveness studies in this area, its generalized prescription in primary care does not seem justified. Such studies should be carried out to assess the overall impact on society of the treatment of these patients. (AU)

Reporting guidelines and a touch of critical appraisal.

The biomedical research process must follow certain quality criteria in its design and development to ensure that the results are credible and reliable. Once completed, the time comes to write an article for publication. The article must present in sufficient detail, and in a clear and transparent manner, all the information on the research work that has been carried out. In this way, readers, after a critical reading of the published content, will be able to judge the validity and relevance of the study and, if they so wish, make use of the findings. In order to improve the description of the research process for publication, a series of guidelines have been developed which, in a simple and structured way, guide authors in the preparation of a manuscript. They are presented in the form of a list, flowchart, or structured text, and are an invaluable aid when writing an article. This article presents the reporting guidelines for the most common designs along with the corresponding checklists.

Guías para la elaboración de manuscritos y unas pinceladas de lectura crítica / Reporting guidelines and a touch of critical appraisal

El proceso de investigación biomédica debe seguir unos criterios de calidad en su diseño y elaboración que garanticen que los resultados son creíbles y fiables. Una vez finalizado, llega el momento de escribir un artículo para su publicación. Este debe presentar con suficiente detalle, y de forma clara y transparente, toda la información del trabajo de investigación realizado. De esta forma, los lectores, tras una lectura crítica de lo publicado, podrán juzgar la validez y la relevancia del estudio, y si lo consideran, utilizar los hallazgos. Con el objetivo de mejorar la descripción del proceso de investigación para su publicación, se han desarrollado una serie de guías que, de forma sencilla y estructurada, orientan a los autores a la hora de elaborar un manuscrito. Se presentan en forma de lista, diagrama de flujo, o texto estructurado, y son una ayuda inestimable a la hora de escribir un artículo. Este artículo presenta las guías de elaboración de manuscritos de los diseños más habituales, con sus listas de verificación.(AU)

The biomedical research process must follow certain quality criteria in its design and development to ensure that the results are credible and reliable. Once completed, the time comes to write an article for publication. The article must present in sufficient detail, and in a clear and transparent manner, all the information on the research work that has been carried out. In this way, readers, after a critical reading of the published content, will be able to judge the validity and relevance of the study and, if they so wish, make use of the findings. In order to improve the description of the research process for publication, a series of guidelines have been developed which, in a simple and structured way, guide authors in the preparation of a manuscript. They are presented in the form of a list, flowchart, or structured text, and are an invaluable aid when writing an article. This article presents the reporting guidelines for the most common designs along with the corresponding checklists.(AU)

Analgesia no farmacológica en la vacunación. Valoración de pediatras, pacientes y tutores / Nonpharmacological pain management in vaccination. Perception of paediatricians, patients and guardians

Introducción: La utilización de medidas no farmacológicas para disminuir el dolor en la vacunación se ha estudiado extensamente en lactantes, pero hay menos estudios sobre su efectividad en niños mayores y sobre la valoración de los padres del dolor observado en los niños. Metodología: Estudio multicéntrico, de intervención, cuasiexperimental con grupo control. Pacientes: Lactantes de 2 y 11meses, y niños de 4años que acuden para vacunación sistemática. Ámbito: Atención primaria. Intervención durante la inmunización: Los lactantes recibieron lactancia materna. Los niños de 4años soplaron un matasuegras. El grupo control siguió la práctica habitual. Medición: escala NIPS (Escala de dolor infantil y neonatal) y duración del llanto en los lactantes. Dibujos faciales de Wong-Baker para los niños mayores y padres. Resultados: Participaron 125 niños (60 intervención; 65 control). Hubo una disminución significativa de la sensación de dolor en los grupos de intervención: puntuación NIPS en lactantes (3,8±1,1 frente a 5,2±0,7 [p<0,001]). Escala de Wong-Baker a los 4años (3,3±1,7 frente a 4,2±1,6 [p=0,042]). Esas mismas diferencias a favor de la intervención se observan en la valoración de los padres (3,4±1,3 frente a 4,5±1,5 [p<0,001]). La correlación de las puntuaciones de niños y padres fue altamente positiva: 0,7 (IC95%: 0,59-0,78). Sin embargo, el tiempo de duración del llanto fue mayor en el grupo intervención. Conclusiones: La utilización de medidas distractoras consigue la disminución del dolor en los niños y la percepción del dolor de los padres disminuye, lo que aumenta la satisfacción de estos con el procedimiento. (AU)

Introduction: The use of nonpharmacological measures to reduce pain during vaccination has been studied extensively in infants, but there are fewer studies on its effectiveness in older children and on the parental perception of pain in children. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, quasi-experimental interventional study with a control group. Patients: Infants aged 2 and 11 months and children aged 4 years that attended routine vaccination appointments. Setting: Primary care. Intervention during vaccination: infants were breastfed and 4-year-old children blew a party horn. Control: vaccination performed following routine practice. Measurement: NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) and duration of crying in infants, Wong−Baker FACES pain rating scale in older children and parents. Results: The study included 125 children (intervention: 60; control: 65). There was a significant decrease in perceived pain in the intervention groups: NIPS score in infants, 3.8±1.1 compared to 5.2±0.7 (P<.001); Wong−Baker FACES score at 4 years of 3.3±1.7 compared to 4.2±1.6 (P=.042). These same differences in support of the intervention were reflected in the parental assessments (3.4±1.3 vs 4.5±1.5; P<.001). The correlation between child and parent scores was strongly positive: 0.7 (95% CI, 0.59–0.78). However, the duration of crying was longer in the intervention group. Conclusions: The use of distraction techniques reduces pain in children and the pain perceived by parents in their children, thus increasing their satisfaction with the procedure. (AU)

Nonpharmacological pain management in vaccination. Perception of paediatricians, patients and guardians.

INTRODUCTION: The use of nonpharmacological measures to reduce pain during vaccination has been studied extensively in infants, but there are fewer studies on its effectiveness in older children and on the parental perception of pain in children. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, quasi-experimental interventional study with a control group. PATIENTS: infants aged 2-11 months and children aged 4 years that attended routine vaccination appointments. SETTING: Primary care. Intervention during vaccination: infants were breastfed and 4-year-old children blew a party horn. CONTROL: vaccination performed following routine practice. MEASUREMENT: NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) and duration of crying in infants, Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale in older children and parents. RESULTS: The study included 125 children (intervention: 60; control: 65). There was a significant decrease in perceived pain in the intervention groups: NIPS score in infants, 3.8 ± 1.1 compared to 5.2 ± 0.7 (P < .001); Wong-Baker FACES score at 4 years of 3.3 ± 1.7 compared to 4.2 ± 1.6 (P = .042). These same differences in support of the intervention were reflected in the parental assessments (3.4 ± 1.3 vs 4.5 ± 1.5; P < .001). The correlation between child and parent scores was strongly positive: 0.7 (95% CI, 0.59-0.78). However, the duration of crying was longer in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The use of distraction techniques reduces pain in children and the pain perceived by parents in their children, thus increasing their satisfaction with the procedure.

COVID-19 en pediatría: valoración crítica de la evidencia / COVID-19: Critical appraisal of the evidence

Presentamos el resumen de un documento de valoración crítica de la evidencia disponible sobre la COVID-19, elaborado con formato de guía de práctica clínica siguiendo la metodología GRADE. El documento trata de dar respuestas a una serie de preguntas clínicas estructuradas, con definición explícita de la población, intervención/exposición, comparación y resultado, y una jerarquización de la importancia clínica de las medidas de efecto valoradas. Realizamos revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura para responder a las preguntas, agrupadas en 6 capítulos: epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento, prevención y vacunas. Valoramos el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios seleccionados con instrumentos estándar (RoB-2, ROBINS-I, QUADAS y Newcastle-Ottawa). Elaboramos tablas de evidencia y, cuando fue necesario y posible, metaanálisis de las principales medidas de efecto. Seguimos el sistema GRADE para realizar síntesis de la evidencia, con valoración de su calidad y, cuando se consideró apropiado, emitir recomendaciones jerarquizadas en función de la calidad de la evidencia, los valores y preferencias, el balance entre beneficios, riesgos y costes, la equidad y la factibilidad. (AU)

We present the summary of a critical appraisal document of the available evidence on COVID-19, developed with a clinical practice guide format following GRADE methodology. The document tries to provide answers to a series of structured clinical questions, with an explicit definition of the population, intervention/exposure, comparison and outcome, and a rating of the clinical relevance of the outcome measures. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to answer the questions, grouped into six chapters: epidemiology, clinical practice, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and vaccination. We assessed the risk of bias of the selected studies with standard instruments (RoB-2, ROBINS-I, QUADAS and Newcastle-Ottawa). We constructed evidence tables and, when necessary and possible, meta-analysis of the of the most relevant outcome measures. We followed the GRADE system to synthesize the evidence, assessing its quality, and, when appropriate, giving recommendations, rated according to the quality of the evidence, the values and preferences, the balance between benefits, risks and costs, equity and feasibility. (AU)

COVID-19: Critical appraisal of the evidence.

We present the summary of a critical appraisal document of the available evidence on COVID-19, developed with a clinical practice guide format following GRADE methodology. The document tries to provide answers to a series of structured clinical questions, with an explicit definition of the population, intervention / exposure, comparison and outcome, and a rating of the clinical relevance of the outcome measures. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to answer the questions, grouped into six chapters: epidemiology, clinical practice, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and vaccination. We assessed the risk of bias of the selected studies with standard instruments (RoB-2, ROBINS-I, QUADAS and Newcastle-Ottawa). We constructed evidence tables and, when necessary and possible, meta-analysis of the of the most relevant outcome measures. We followed the GRADE system to synthesise the evidence, assessing its quality, and, when appropriate, giving recommendations, rated according to the quality of the evidence, the values and preferences, the balance between benefits, risks and costs, equity and feasibility.

[COVID-19: Critical appraisal of the evidence]. / COVID-19 en pediatría: valoración crítica de la evidencia.

We present the summary of a critical appraisal document of the available evidence on COVID-19, developed with a clinical practice guide format following GRADE methodology. The document tries to provide answers to a series of structured clinical questions, with an explicit definition of the population, intervention/exposure, comparison and outcome, and a rating of the clinical relevance of the outcome measures. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to answer the questions, grouped into six chapters: epidemiology, clinical practice, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and vaccination. We assessed the risk of bias of the selected studies with standard instruments (RoB-2, ROBINS-I, QUADAS and Newcastle-Ottawa). We constructed evidence tables and, when necessary and possible, meta-analysis of the of the most relevant outcome measures. We followed the GRADE system to synthesize the evidence, assessing its quality, and, when appropriate, giving recommendations, rated according to the quality of the evidence, the values and preferences, the balance between benefits, risks and costs, equity and feasibility.

Efecto del cambio de gráficas de crecimiento de referencia en la prevalencia de talla baja / Effect of changing reference growth charts on the prevalence of short stature

Introducción: La talla baja es motivo de preocupación familiar y constituye una consulta frecuente en pediatría. Para su diagnóstico las gráficas de crecimiento son una herramienta imprescindible. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el impacto del cambio de gráficas de referencia en el diagnóstico de talla baja en nuestra área de salud. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de base poblacional. Los valores de la talla de los niños y niñas de 4, 6, 10 y 13 años se compararon con las tablas de la Fundación Orbegozo 2004 Longitudinal y 2011. Se calcularon las prevalencias de talla baja y el percentil 3 de la muestra del estudio para realizar las comparaciones. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 12.256 registros válidos (89% de la población). La prevalencia de talla baja aumentó en todas las edades con el cambio de las gráficas: diferencia de prevalencias del 3,6% (IC95%: 2,8 a 4,5) a los 4 años; 1,8% (IC95%: 1,3 a 2,3) a los 6 años; 2,8% (IC95%: 2,2 a 3,4) a los 10 años y 1,4% (IC95%: 0,8 a 1,9) a los 13 años. En números absolutos, se pasó de 58 diagnósticos de talla baja con las gráficas 2004 (34 niños y 24 niñas) a 352 con las 2011 (155 niños y 197 niñas). Conclusiones: El cambio de referencia ha multiplicado por 6 el número de diagnósticos de talla baja. La patología hallada en los casos diagnosticados con las gráficas 2011 que no se hubieran diagnosticado con las gráficas anteriores nos permitirá evaluar la idoneidad del cambio realizado

Introduction: Short stature is a family concern, and is a common reason for consultations in paediatrics. Growth charts are an essential diagnostic tool. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of changing reference charts in the diagnosis of short stature in a health area. Subjects and methods: A population-based-cross-sectional-descriptive-study was performed in which the height of children of 4, 6, 10 and 13 years-old were compared with the growth charts of the Fundación Orbegozo 2004 Longitudinal and 2011. The prevalence of short stature and the 3 rd percentile of the study sample were calculated. Results: There were 12,256 valid records (89% of the population). The prevalence of short stature increased at all ages with the change in the growth charts, with differences of prevalence of 3.6% (95% CI: 2.8 to 4.5) at 4 years; 1.8% (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.3) at 6 years; 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2 to 3.4) at 10 years, and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8 to 1.9) at 13 years. In absolute numbers, it went from 58 diagnoses of short stature with the 2004 Longitudinal charts (34 boys and 24 girls) to 352 with the 2011 (155 boys and 197 girls). Conclusions: The change in reference growth charts has increased by 6-fold the number of diagnoses of short stature. The pathological condition found in the cases diagnosed with the 2011 growth charts that had not been diagnosed with the previous charts will allow us to evaluate the suitability of the change

[Effect of changing reference growth charts on the prevalence of short stature]. / Efecto del cambio de gráficas de crecimiento de referencia en la prevalencia de talla baja.

INTRODUCTION: Short stature is a family concern, and is a common reason for consultations in paediatrics. Growth charts are an essential diagnostic tool. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of changing reference charts in the diagnosis of short stature in a health area. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based-cross-sectional-descriptive-study was performed in which the height of children of 4, 6, 10 and 13 years-old were compared with the growth charts of the Fundación Orbegozo 2004 Longitudinal and 2011. The prevalence of short stature and the 3rd percentile of the study sample were calculated. RESULTS: There were 12,256 valid records (89% of the population). The prevalence of short stature increased at all ages with the change in the growth charts, with differences of prevalence of 3.6% (95% CI: 2.8 to 4.5) at 4 years; 1.8% (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.3) at 6 years; 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2 to 3.4) at 10 years, and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8 to 1.9) at 13 years. In absolute numbers, it went from 58 diagnoses of short stature with the 2004 Longitudinal charts (34 boys and 24 girls) to 352 with the 2011 (155 boys and 197 girls). CONCLUSIONS: The change in reference growth charts has increased by 6-fold the number of diagnoses of short stature. The pathological condition found in the cases diagnosed with the 2011 growth charts that had not been diagnosed with the previous charts will allow us to evaluate the suitability of the change.

Trascendencia de la elección de las tablas de crecimiento en el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad / Relevance of the choice of growth charts in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity

Objetivos: estimar las diferencias de prevalencias de obesidad y sobrepeso de nuestra población entre las gráficas más utilizadas en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo trasversal de base poblacional. Se diagnosticó sobrepeso u obesidad comparando el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 8905 niños de 6, 10 y 13 años con los puntos de corte establecidos por las siguientes tablas: Fundación Orbegozo 1988, 2004 y 2011 (FO88, FO04 y FO11); International Obesity Task Force 2012 (IOTF12); Organización Mundial de la Salud 2007 (OMS07); y Estudio Transversal Español 2008 (ETE08). Resultados: las tablas ETE08 proporcionaron las prevalencias de obesidad más bajas para todas las edades (2,8%, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95]: 2,3 a 3,4 a los seis años; 2,2% [IC 95: 1,7 a 2,8] a los diez años; y 2,2% [IC 95: 1,6 a 2,8] a los 13 años). Las OMS07 proporcionaron la prevalencia de obesidad más alta a los seis años 10,6% (IC 95: 9,6 a 11,6) y las FO88 para las demás edades: 15,4% (IC 95: 14,1 a 16,6) a los diez años y 12,4% (IC 95: 11 a 13,7) a los 13 años. En cuanto al sobrepeso, las OMS07 presentaron las prevalencias más altas mientras que las FO88 presentaron las más bajas. Conclusiones: Las prevalencias de obesidad y sobrepeso varían de forma importante según las diferentes tablas de crecimiento. Es preciso conocer las tablas que utilizamos para poder contextualizar los resultados. Los datos sobre prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso deben ir siempre acompañados de las tablas utilizadas, ya que en caso contrario los valores carecen de sentido (AU)

Objectives: to estimate the differences in prevalence of obesity and overweight in our population using different growth charts. Methods: population based, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Overweight or obesity were diagnosed by comparing the BMI of 8905 children aged 6, 10 and 13 with the cut-off points established by the following charts: Orbegozo Foundation 1988, 2004 and 2011; International Obesity Task Force 2012; WHO 2007; and Spanish cross-sectional study 2008. Results: the Spanish cross-sectional study 2008 chart provided the lowest prevalence for all ages (2.8% [CI 95%: 2.3 to 3.4] at 6 years, 2.2% [CI 95%: 1.7 to 2.8] at 10 years and 2.2% [CI 95%: 1.6 to 2.8] at 13 years). The WHO 2007 chart provided the highest prevalence of obesity at 6 years (10.6% [CI 95%: 9.6 to 11.6]) and the Orbegozo Foundation 1988 chart for other age groups (15.4% [CI 95%: 14.1 to 16.6] at 10 years and 12.4% [CI 95%: 11 to 13.7] at 13 years). Regarding overweight, the results were also discordant. The WHO 2007 chart had the highest prevalence while Orbegozo Foundation 1988 had the lowest. Conclusions: the prevalence of overweight and obesity varies significantly according to the different growth charts. We should know the growth charts we use to contextualize the results. Data on the prevalence of obesity and overweight should always be accompanied by the chart used because otherwise the values are meaningless (AU)

Los corticoides inhalados previenen reagudizaciones en niños pequeños catalogados tanto de asma como de sibilantes recurrentes / No disponible

No disponible

El PEG3350 es efectivo en el tratamiento del estreñimiento funcional / No disponible

No disponible